Baseline 12-1014 Plastic Finger Goniometer

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A pilot exploration employing a healthy subject and 17 raters was performed to elucidate possible technical problems of the study. Eliasziw M, Young SL, Woodbury MG, Fryday-Field K: Statistical methodology for the concurrent assessment of interrater and intrarater reliability: using goniometric measurements as an example. Phys Ther. 1994, 74: 777-788. Reliability estimates were similar for both goniometers. Intra-rater and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.69 to 0.93. The corresponding standard errors of measurements ranged from 2.4 to 4.9 degrees. Repeated measurements of a considerable number of raters fell within clinically non-meaningful 5 degrees of each other in proportions comparable with a criterion value of 0.95. Data collected with both instruments could be similarly interpreted in a simulated situation of change of joint range of motion over time. Conclusions Each of the replicate study stages was analyzed separately. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Exploratory data analysis So overall greater reliability is obtained when measures are taken by the same therapist, using a standardised method with the same measurement tool assessed at the same time of day. [1] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Goniometry Technique [ edit | edit source ]

The procedure protocol also included relaxation of the subject’s hand between the measurements and short breaks between the evaluation sessions. As the length of the evaluation sessions differed from rater to rater, the intervals between sessions also varied. The participants were free to choose longer brakes if they felt tired. Evaluation of diagrams Additionally, following a previous suggestion [ 41], the current study employed intuitive descriptive approaches. To facilitate interpretation of goniometric reliability, proportions of clinically non-meaningful ≤5-degree differences between repeated measurements (here also named “≤ 5-degree agreement”) were analysed [ 4]. Also, in the smaller B component of this study, mean measurement differences and their standard deviations were employed to reflect absolute reliability [ 38, 46]. Sample size estimation It is necessary that a single notation system is used in goniometry. The neutral zero method (0 to 180- degree system) is the most widely used method. The same goniometer should always be used to reduce the chances of instrumental error. Hopkins WG: Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med. 2000, 30: 1-15. 10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001. Walter SD, Eliasziw M, Donner A: Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Stat Med. 1998, 17: 101-110. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<101::AID-SIM727>3.0.CO;2-E.

Single-Axis Finger Electronic Goniometer

For continuous variables, the most common measure of relative reliability is intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) accompanied by appropriate analysis of variance (ANOVA) [ 40]. Differently from the previous studies, which used the popular models of ICCs described by Shrout and Fleiss [ 42], the current investigation employed concurrent assessment of reliability proposed by Eliasziw et al. [ 43]. Unlike calculating the traditional ICCs, the method of concurrent assessment allows simultaneous estimation of intra-rater and inter-rater reliability along with the hypothesis testing in cases when multiple raters evaluate multiple subjects and perform more than one measurement per subject. In respect to the traditional models, the concurrent methodology has been cited as a more advantageous approach [ 44]. Barnhart HX, Haber MJ, Lin LI: An overview on assessing agreement with continuous measurements. J Biopharm Stat. 2007, 17: 529-569. 10.1080/10543400701376480.

Goldsmith N, Juzl E: Inter-rater reliability of two trained raters using a goniometer for the measurement of finger joints. Br J Hand Ther. 1998, 3: 11-12. cited by Burr et al. [26] Pratt AL, Burr N, Stott D: An investigation into the degree of precision achieved by a team of hand therapists and surgeons using hand goniometry with a standardised protocol. Hand Ther. 2004, 9: 116-121.Lewis E, Fors L, Tharion WJ: Interrater and intrarater reliability of finger goniometric measurements. Am J Occup Ther. 2010, 64: 555-561. 10.5014/ajot.2010.09028. The study was approved by Vilnius regional ethics committee for biomedical research. Written informed consents of the participants were obtained before the study. Participants and study design

Power analysis prior to the study was performed for a 2-sample t test for noninferiority, which calculated a sample size of 13 subjects based on a mean difference of 5°, a standard deviation of 10% of the expected measurement, α of 0.05, and a power of 0.80. Five degrees of difference is the accepted standard error in manual goniometry of the hand. 8, 9 For this study, the authors elected to include a larger sample size (n = 50). For further reflection of intra-goniometer (i.e., intra-rater ) reliability, proportions of clinically non-meaningful ≤ 5-degree differences between the measurements obtained with the same tool in the 2 trials were calculated for each rater. Similarly, for the assessment of inter-goniometer reliability, proportions of ≤ 5-degree differences between measurements of the same rater with different instruments within the same trial were found. The observed proportions of the ≤ 5-degree differences were tested against proportion of 0.95 for statistical significance by one sample binomial tests. The reference value was estimated by calculating the LL of 99% CI for population proportion [ 49] using the largest previously employed sample sizes reaching 60 [ 32] and a generous assumption that the earlier sample proportion of ≤5-degree measurement differences was 0.99. Counts of the raters who passed the binomial tests were obtained for intuitive comparison. To assess the inter-goniometer ≤ 5-degree agreement, only the raters who passed the binomial test in both trials were included. Additionally, the best raters were selected by matching the individual successful raters across the three ≤ 5-degree agreement subgroups (i.e., across the inter-goniometer and the two intra-goniometer subgroups). Analysis of the study parts B Robins RH: Hand assessment charts. J Hand Surg Br. 1986, 11: 287-298. 10.1016/0266-7681(86)90287-1.The EZ Read Jamar Goniometer is a manual medical goniometer designed to measure range of motion and dexterity in small joints. The simple design enables easy patient measurements. Use to measure range of motion, movement improvements, and dysfunction in patients. The EZ Read Jamar Goniometer is excellent for patients that have difficulties bending and flexing joints and are participating in a rehab and recovery program. Varying Size Options Dijkstra PU, de Bont LG, van der Weele LT, Boering G: Joint mobility measurements: reliability of a standardized method. Cranio. 1994, 12: 52-57.